同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜光合光响应模型筛选

为了筛选出最适合黑皮冬瓜Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.的光合光响应模型,为其育种提供理论依据,以同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜为试验材料,对8种经典的光合光响应模型适用性进行了比较分析。结果表明：二次多项式能够表现出光抑制情况,但在拟合过程中出现暗呼吸速率为正值、光补偿点为负值及无法解释当光强达到饱和后光合速率快速下降的问题;直角双曲线、非直角双曲线及指数函数Ⅰ、指数函数Ⅱ无法直接求取光饱和点、光补偿点,结合常用的光饱和点的计算方法得到的光饱和点与实测值均存在较大的偏差,且指数函数Ⅱ在计算光饱和点时表现出明显的人为性,也无法拟合光抑制情况,但4种模型拟合得到的光补偿点均与实测值相差不大;指数修正模型因系数β为负值,无法求取四倍体黑皮冬瓜材料的光饱和点和最大净光合速率,且拟合得到的四倍体黑皮冬瓜的光补偿点明显低于实测值;直角双曲线修正模型计算得到的暗呼吸速率及二倍体黑皮冬瓜的光饱和点明显低于实测值,但获得的四倍体及其二倍体的最大净光合速率与实测值最接近,说明其在拟合最大净光合速率上有优势;整体上分段函数计算得到的黑皮冬瓜的各光合参数与实测值最为接近,与实测值的平均相对误差最小,也能很好的拟合发生光抑制部分的光响应曲线。分段函数拟合同源四倍体及其原二倍体黑皮冬瓜光合光响应曲线效果较其他模型效果好,分段函数模型为黑皮冬瓜最适合的光合光响应模型。     

利用荧光观测明确载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防控增效作用

载球孢白僵菌松毛虫赤眼蜂能够显著提高对亚洲玉米螟的防控效果，为了明确其对亚洲玉米螟卵期及幼虫期可持续防控的作用机理，采用松毛虫赤眼蜂吸附绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记的球孢白僵菌分生孢子，进行赤眼蜂载菌情况，以及亚洲玉米螟卵和幼虫的寄生、侵染过程观察。结果表明，赤眼蜂羽化后能够吸附柞蚕卵表面粘附的白僵菌分生孢子，并将其携带至亚洲玉米螟卵块表面，并吸附于未被赤眼蜂寄生的亚洲玉米螟卵孵化的幼虫体表，实现侵染并致死，幼虫带菌率达60.00%，网室内杀虫生物测定僵虫率达27.00%。本研究表明，载菌赤眼蜂在提高杀虫效率的同时实现害虫可持续防控，该方法为其他载菌天敌的应用提供了依据。     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

Genome-wide detection of selective signatures in a Jinhua pig population

The aim of this study was to detect evidence for signatures of recent selection in the Jinhua pig genome. These results can be useful to better understand the regions under selection in Jinhua pigs and might shed some lights on groups of genes that control production traits. In the present study, we performed extended haplotype homozygosity(EHH) tests to identify significant core regions in 202 Jinhua pigs. A total of 26 161 core regions spanning 636.42 Mb were identified, which occupied approximately 28% of the genome across all autosomes, and 1 158 significant(P0.01) core haplotypes were selected. Genes in these regions were related to several economically important traits, including meat quality, reproduction, immune responses and exterior traits. A panel of genes including ssc-mir-365-2, KDM8, RABEP2, GSG1L, RHEB, RPH3AL and a signal pathway of PI3K-Akt were detected with the most extreme P-values. The findings in our study could draw a comparatively genome-wide map of selection signature in the pig genome, and also help to detect functional candidate genes under positive selection for further genetic and breeding research in Jinhua and other pigs.     

通过GbF3’H基因单独沉默及其与GbCHI和GbDFR基因共沉默研究其在海岛棉中抗枯萎病功能

【目的】通过沉默海岛棉GbF3’H基因及共沉默GbF3’H、GbCHI和Gb DFR基因,研究其在海岛棉抗枯萎病中的作用。【方法】以海岛棉抗病材料06-146为研究对象,GhCLA1基因为阳性对照,空载体为阴性对照,构建海岛棉TRV2-Gb F3’H沉默载体,协同课题组前期构建的TRV2-CHI和TRV2-DFR载体,利用病毒诱导的基因沉默技术(Virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)分别进行Gb F3’H基因单独沉默以及GbF3’H、GbCHI和Gb DFR这3种基因共沉默试验。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction,q RT-PCR)分析各处理样品中基因沉默情况;设置室内接种枯萎病菌试验测定病情指数,分析各沉默材料对枯萎病的抗性差异。【结果】q RT-PCR结果显示,海岛棉GbF3’H基因沉默后其在海岛棉根、茎和叶中的表达量比空载体对照低,Gb F3’H、GbCHI和GbDFR这3种基因共沉默后其在海岛棉根、茎和叶中的表达量均比空载体对照低。病情指数调查结果显示,野生型<空载体对照相似文献   

种植密度对2个青稞品种抗倒伏及秸秆饲用特性的影响

种植密度是影响青稞抗倒伏和秸秆饲用特性的重要因子。以抗倒伏品种昆仑14号和倒伏品种门源亮蓝为试验材料,比较研究种植密度对这2个品种生长发育、抗倒伏特性和秸秆饲用特性的影响。结果表明,种植密度对2个品种的抗倒伏和秸秆饲用特性的影响存在差异。随着种植密度的增加,昆仑14号根长、根体积、根数和根干重先增后降,茎粗和壁厚依次下降;门源亮蓝根系和茎秆相关指标则随种植密度增大而下降。昆仑14号抗倒伏相关指标先增后降,但整个生育期未发生倒伏;门源亮蓝各指标均显著降低,诱发倒伏现象提前发生,致使倒伏率增大、倒伏程度加剧。昆仑14号茎秆中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素等化学成分含量随密度增加先增后降,门源亮蓝各成分含量呈下降趋势,相对饲喂价值随密度增加呈现增高的趋势。综合抗倒伏特性与秸秆饲用特性,昆仑14号最佳种植密度为375×104株hm~(-2),门源亮蓝粮饲兼用时适宜密度为300×104～375×104株hm~(-2)。     

不同土层复配方案对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机质的影响

为探究“治沟造地”重大工程项目（GLCP）中新增耕地快速改良的方法，达到营造良好土壤、提升新增耕地生产能力的目的，以延安羊圈沟流域的GLCP为背景，利用马兰黄土（ML）和红黏土（RC）对新造耕地0~30 cm土层进行复配试验。结果表明：当RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm（T3处理）时，复配层土壤孔隙度较对照处理增加了16.7%，容重下降了11.1%。与对照组相比，T3处理0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（W_0.25）显著增加，分别增加了11.8、12.3倍和27.9倍；T2（RC为25 cm、ML为5 cm）、T3处理更利于大团聚体的形成，较对照组除在0.25~0.5、0.5~1 mm的粒级有较大增加外，在2~5 mm和>5 mm粒径范围也有明显增加。0~20 cm土层中，即使在考虑对照组前期土壤有机质积累的情况下，T3处理的土壤有机质也与对照组相近甚至更高，且高于其他试验组，表现出更好的有机质赋存能力。T3处理的玉米生长状况较好，其地上生物量最高，较对照组提高了23.9%。研究表明，当复配土壤RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm时，土壤具有最佳的性状和生产力。试验初步证明土层复配是一种可行的快速营造高质量土壤的方法，该方法可为GLCP新造地的改良及类似土地整治工程的实施提供实践参考。     

影响北方白菜型冬油菜主要农艺性状变异的气象因子分析

为探究影响北方冬油菜农艺性状的气象因子，以新疆自治区阿勒泰、乌鲁木齐和喀什为研究试点，选择陇油6号、陇油7号、陇油8号、天油2号、天油4号、天油7号共6个抗寒性不同的白菜型冬油菜品种为研究材料，采用适定性分析法和相关性分析法，研究气象因子对冬油菜的株高、主花序角果数、单株角果数、角粒数等农艺性状的影响。结果显示：随纬度降低越冬率增加，农艺性状变劣，其中千粒重、株高和角粒数变异系数较小，分别为5.86%、6.23%和12.63%，单株角果数的变异系数较大，为28.25%；参试品种间，强抗寒品种陇油6号和陇油7号的农艺性状变异系数较小，弱抗寒品种天油2号等变异系数较大；农艺性状与越冬率显著正相关（P<0.05），角粒数与各种气象因子的相关性均达显著水平（P<0.05）；积雪天数、年降雨量和最大积雪厚度对农艺性状具有正效应，累积贡献率达到0.877，最冷月最低气温、地面极端低温、负积温和年均气温对农艺性状具有负效应，累积贡献率达到-0.871。因此，在北方寒区，选择强抗寒冬油菜品种有利于保持农艺性状稳定，获得较好产量与效益。     

Exogenous application of allelopathic water extracts helps improving tolerance against terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell.)

The allelopathic water extracts (AWEs) may help improve the tolerance of crop plants against abiotic stresses owing to the presence of the secondary metabolites (i.e., allelochemicals). We conducted four independent experiments to evaluate the influence of exogenous application of AWEs (applied through seed priming or foliage spray) in improving the terminal heat and drought tolerance in bread wheat. In all the experiments, two wheat cultivars, viz. Mairaj‐2008 (drought and heat tolerant) and Faisalabad‐2008 (drought and heat sensitive), were raised in pots. Both wheat cultivars were raised under ambient conditions in the wire house till leaf boot stage (booting) by maintaining the pots at 75% water‐holding capacity (WHC). Then, managed drought and heat stresses were imposed by maintaining the pots at 35% WHC, or shifting the pots inside the glass canopies (at 75% WHC), at booting, anthesis and the grain filling stages. Drought stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 39%–49%. Foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield of wheat by 26%–31%, while seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 18%–26%, respectively, than drought stress. Terminal heat stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 38%. Seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 21%–27%; while foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield by 25%–29% than the heat stress treatment. In conclusion, the exogenous application of AWEs improved the stay green, accumulation of proline, soluble phenolics and glycine betaine, which helped to stabilize the biological membranes and improved the tolerance against terminal drought and heat stresses.